Nkọwa nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ndụ ndụ
1. cDNA na cccDNA: cDNA bụ DNA nwere eriri okpukpu abụọ nke ejiri tụgharịa transcriptase sitere na mRNA;cccDNA bụ DNA okirikiri mechiri emechi nwere plasmid nwere eriri abụọ na-enweghị chromosome.
2. Standard mpịachi unit: protein secondary Ọdịdị unit α-helix na β-ibé akwụkwọ nwere ike na-etolite bughi blocks na pụrụ iche geometric ndokwa site dị iche iche njikọ polypeptides.Ụdị mpịachi a na-ekpebisi ike ka a na-akpọkarị ihe owuwu nke sekọndrị.Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị niile site na ụdị mpịachi ndị a, na ọbụna ụdị ha jikọtara ọnụ, yabụ a na-akpọkwa ha nkeji mpịachi ọkọlọtọ.
3. CAP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) protein protein receptor CRP (protein receptor cAMP), ihe mgbagwoju anya etolite mgbe nchikota cAMP na CRP na-akpọ protein CAP na-arụ ọrụ (protein na-arụ ọrụ cAMP)
4. Usoro palindromic: Usoro mmekọ nke ọzọ nke akụkụ nke mpempe DNA, na-abụkarị ebe mmachi enzyme.
5. micRNA: Mgbakwunye RNA ma ọ bụ antisense RNA, nke na-akwado usoro mRNA ma nwee ike igbochi ntụgharị asụsụ mRNA.
6. Ribozyme: RNA nwere ọrụ catalytic, nke na-arụ ọrụ autocatalytic na nhazi usoro nke RNA.
7. Motif: Enwere ụfọdụ mpaghara mpaghara nwere ọdịdị akụkụ atọ yiri ya na topology na nhazi oghere nke ụmụ irighiri protein.
8. peptide mgbaàmà: peptide nwere 15-36 amino acid residues na N-terminus n'oge njikọ protein, nke na-eduzi transmembrane nke protein.
9. Attenuator: Usoro nucleotide n'etiti mpaghara ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nhazi nke na-akwụsị nsụgharị.
10. Spot Ime Anwansi: Mgbe nje bacteria na-eto ma na-ezute enweghị amino acid zuru oke, nje ahụ ga-emepụta nzaghachi mberede iji kwụsị nkwupụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile.Ihe mgbaàmà na-ebute nzaghachi mberede a bụ guanosin tetraphosphate (ppGpp) na guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).Ọrụ PpGpp na pppGpp abụghị naanị otu ma ọ bụ ole na ole operons, kama ọ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu n'ime ha, ya mere a na-akpọ ha ndị na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ ntụpọ anwansi.
11. Ihe nkwalite nkwalite elu: na-ezo aka n'usoro DNA nke na-arụ ọrụ nchịkwa na ọrụ nke onye nkwalite, dị ka TATA na mpaghara -10, TGACA na mpaghara -35, nkwalite, na attenuators.
12. Nchọpụta DNA: akụkụ DNA akpọrọ nke nwere usoro a ma ama, nke a na-ejikarị achọpụta usoro amaghị ama na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihuenyo.
13. Usoro SD: Ọ bụ usoro njide nke ribosome na mRNA, nke na-achịkwa ntụgharị asụsụ.
14. Monoclonal Antibody: Mgbochi nke na-eme naanị megide otu antigenic determinant.
15. Cosmid: Ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta DNA vector exogenous nke na-ejigide mpaghara COS na nsọtụ abụọ nke phage ma jikọta ya na plasmid.
16. Ngosipụta ntụpọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: LacZ gene (encoding β-galactosidase), enzyme nwere ike imebi chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) iji mepụta acha anụnụ anụnụ, si otú a na-eme ka eriri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.Mgbe etinyere DNA exogenous, a pụghị igosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ LacZ, na ụdị ahụ na-acha ọcha, ka e wee nyochaa nje bacteria na-emegharị ahụ.A na-akpọ nke a nlele anya anụnụ anụnụ-ọcha.
17. Cis-acting element: Otu usoro usoro ntọala dị na DNA nke na-achịkwa okwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
18. Klenow enzyme: Nnukwu iberibe DNA polymerase I, ma e wezụga na 5' 3' ọrụ exonuclease na-ewepụ na DNA polymerase I holoenzyme.
19. PCR Anchored: ejiri mee ka DNA nke mmasị dịkwuo elu na usoro a maara na njedebe.A na-agbakwunye ọdụ poly-dG n'otu njedebe nke usoro a na-amaghị, wee jiri poly-dC na usoro a maara dị ka ihe mbụ maka nkwalite PCR.
20. Fusion protein: A na-ejikọta mkpụrụ ndụ nke protein eukaryotic na gene exogenous, na protein nke mejupụtara nsụgharị nke protin mbụ na protein exogenous ka a na-egosipụta n'otu oge ahụ.
Okwu bayoloji molekụla ndị ọzọ
1. Map anụ ahụ nke DNA bụ usoro a na-ahazi (mmachibido endonuclease-digested) iberibe DNA molecule.
2. A na-ekewa mgbawa nke RNase na ụdị abụọ (autocatalysis) na (heterocatalysis).
3. Enwere ihe mmalite mmalite atọ na prokaryotes bụ (IF-1), (IF-2) na (IF-3).
4. Protein transmembrane chọrọ nduzi (signal peptides), na ọrụ nke chaperones protein bụ (na-enyere aka mpịachi peptide yinye n'ime nwa afọ conformation nke protein).
5. Enwere ike kewaa ihe ndị dị na ndị na-akwalite nkwalite ụzọ abụọ: (isi ihe nkwalite) na (ihe ndị na-akwalite elu).
6. Ọdịnaya nchọcha nke bayoloji molekụla na-agụnye akụkụ atọ: (usoro ihe omimi ihe omimi), (okwu mkpụrụ ndụ na ụkpụrụ), na (teknụzụ nrụpụta DNA).
7. Nnwale isi abụọ na-egosi na DNA bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ (ọrịa pneumococcus nke ụmụ oke) na (ọrịa T2 phage nke Escherichia coli).ikike).
8. E nwere isi ihe abụọ dị iche n'etiti hnRNA na mRNA: (hnRNA na-ekewa n'ime usoro ịtụgharị n'ime mRNA), (a na-agbakwunye njedebe 5 nke mRNA na m7pGppp okpu, na e nwere ihe mgbakwunye polyadenylation na 3' njedebe nke mRNA acid (polyA) ọdụ).
9. Uru nke multi-subunit ụdị protein bụ (nkeji bụ usoro echekwa maka DNA itinye n'ọrụ), (nwere ike ibelata mmetụta nke random njehie na protein njikọ na protein ọrụ), (ọrụ nwere ike ịbụ nnọọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na ngwa ngwa na-emeghe na-emechi).
10. Isi ọdịnaya nke protein mpịachi usoro nke mbụ nucleation tiori na-agụnye (nucleation), (nhazi nkwalite), (ikpeazụ rearrangement).
11. Galactose nwere mmetụta abụọ na nje bacteria;N'otu aka (enwere ike iji ya dị ka ikuku carbon maka uto cell);n'aka nke ọzọ (ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke mgbidi cell).Ya mere, a chọrọ onye na-akwalite nnwere onwe nke cAMP-CRP S2 maka njikọ na-adịgide adịgide na ọkwa ndabere;n'otu oge ahụ, a chọrọ onye na-akwalite cAMP-CRP na-adabere na S1 iji dozie nhazi ọkwa dị elu.Nsụgharị na-amalite site na ( S2 ) na G na site na ( S1 ) na-enweghị G.
12. A na-akpọkwa teknụzụ DNA recombinant dị ka (gene cloning) ma ọ bụ (cloning molecular).Ebumnuche kachasị bụ (ịbufe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa DNA n'otu akụkụ ahụ n'ime akụkụ ọzọ).Nnwale nchikota DNA nke a na-ahụkarị na-agụnye usoro ndị a: (1) Wepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe e lekwasịrị anya (ma ọ bụ gene exogenous) nke akụkụ ahụ na-enye onyinye, ma jiri enzymatic jikọọ ya na molekul DNA ọzọ (cloning vector) iji mepụta molekul DNA recombinant ọhụrụ.② A na-ebufe molekul DNA recombinant n'ime cell nnata ma megharịa ya na cell nnata.A na-akpọ usoro a mgbanwe.③ Nyochaa ma chọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ nnata ndị ahụ etinyegoro DNA recombinant.④ Zụlite mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere DNA recombinant n'ọtụtụ buru ibu iji chọpụta ma mkpụrụ ndụ ihe enyemaka mba ofesi egosipụtara.
13. Enwere ụdị abụọ nke plasmid replication: ndị a na-achịkwa nke ọma site na njikọ protein cell cell na-achịkwa (plasmids siri ike), na ndị na-adịghị achịkwa protein protein cell cell na-akpọ (plasmids zuru ike).
14. Usoro mmeghachi omume PCR kwesịrị inwe ọnọdụ ndị a: a.DNA primers (ihe dịka ntọala 20) nwere usoro nkwado na njedebe ọ bụla nke eriri abụọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ga-ekewa.b.Enzymes nwere nkwụsi ike dị ka: TagDNA polymerase.c, dNTPd, DNA usoro mmasị dị ka ndebiri
15. Usoro mmeghachi omume bụ isi nke PCR gụnyere usoro atọ: (denaturation), (annealing), na (mgbatị).
16. Usoro bụ isi nke anụmanụ transgenic na-agụnyekarị: ①Mwebata nke mkpụrụ ndụ mba ọzọ nke cloned n'ime oghere nke akwa fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ cell embrayo;②Mgbanwe nke akwa akwa ma ọ bụ cell embrayo nke embrayo n'ime akpanwa nwanyị;③ Mmepe na uto nke ẹmbrayo zuru oke Maka ụmụ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mba ọzọ;④ Jiri anụmanụ ndị a nwere ike imepụta protein ndị mba ọzọ dị ka ngwaahịa ọmụmụ iji mụọ ahịrị homozygous ọhụrụ.
17. Hybridoma cell ahịrị na-emepụta site na hybridizing (spleen B) mkpụrụ ndụ na (myeloma) sel, na ebe ọ bụ na (mkpụrụ ndụ spleen) nwere ike tinye hypoxanthine na (mkpụrụ ndụ ọkpụkpụ) na-enye cell nkewa ọrụ, ha nwere ike toro na okpu okpu.eto.
18. Site na omimi nke nyocha, a na-akpọ ọgbọ mbụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi (ọgwụ mgbochi polyclonal), ọgbọ nke abụọ (ọgwụ monoclonal), na ọgbọ nke atọ (genetic engineering antibodies).
19. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nje ụmụ ahụhụ na-elekwasị anya na baculovirus, nke a na-egosipụta na ntinye nke (exogenous toxin gene);(mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpaghasị usoro ndụ ụmụ ahụhụ nkịtị);(mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nje).
20. Ihe ndị na-eme ka protein na-eme ihe kwekọrọ na ihe ndị nkịtị TATA, GC, na CAAT na mammalian RNA polymerase II na-akwalite bụ (TFIID), (SP-1) na (CTF / NF1), n'otu n'otu.
iri abụọ na otu.Isi ihe odide ederede nke RNA polymerase Ⅱ bụ, TFⅡ-A, TFⅡ-B, TFII-D, TFⅡ-E, na usoro njikọ ha bụ: (D, A, B, E).N'ime ebe ọrụ TFII-D dị (jide na igbe TATA).
iri abụọ na abụọ.Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ederede na-ejikọta na DNA na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị dimers.Ngalaba na-arụ ọrụ nke ihe odide ederede na-ejikọta na DNA bụ ihe ndị a (helix-turn-helix), (zinc finger motif), (basic-leucine) zipa motif).
iri abụọ na atọ.E nwere ụdị atọ nke mmachi endonuclease cleavage ụdịdị: (bee na 5' n'akụkụ nke symmetry axis na-emepụta 5' nnyapade nsọtụ), (bee na 3' n'akụkụ nke symmetry axis na-emepụta 3' nnyapade nsọtụ (bee na symmetry axis na-emepụta larịị nkebi)).
iri abụọ na anọ.Plasmid DNA nwere nhazi atọ dị iche iche: (Nhazi SC), (nhazi oc), (Nhazi L).Nke mbụ na electrophoresis bụ (nhazi SC).
25. Sistemụ ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, tumadi (Escherichia coli), (Yast), (ụmụ ahụhụ) na (tebụl cell mammalian).
26. Ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ụmụ anụmanụ transgenic bụ: (usoro ọrịa retroviral), (usoro DNA microinjection), (usoro embrayo stem cell).
Ngwa molekụla bayoloji
1. Kpọọ ọrụ nke ihe karịrị RNA ise?
Nyefee RNA tRNA Nyefee amino acid Ribosome RNA rRNA Ribosome mejupụtara ozi RNA mRNA Protein njikọ template Heterogeneous nuclear RNA hnRNA Precursor nke tozuru okè mRNA obere nuclear RNA snRNA na-etinye aka na hnRNA splicing Obere cytoplasmic RNA scRNA/7SL-RNA protein Plasmaized RNA RNA sRNA / 7SL-RNA protein Plasmaized na RNAsynthesized aru aru Reticulum. Ribozyme RNA Enzymatic na-arụ ọrụ RNA
2. Gịnị bụ isi ihe dị iche n'etiti prokaryotic na eukaryotic akwalite?
Prokaryotic TTGACA --- TATAAT------Saịtị mmalite-35 -10 Eukaryotic Enhancer ---GC ---CAAT---TAATAA-5mGpp-Saịtị mmalite-110 -70 -25
3. Gịnị bụ isi akụkụ nke wuru wuru nke eke plasmids?
Plasmids eke na-enwekarị ntụpọ, yabụ na ha adịghị mma maka iji ya dị ka ndị na-ebu maka injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na a ga-agbanwerịrị ma wulite ya: a.Tinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nrịbama nhọrọ kwesịrị ekwesị, dị ka abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa, nke dị mfe iji maka nhọrọ, na-abụkarị mkpụrụ ndụ nje.b.Mụbaa ma ọ bụ wedata saịtị ndị na-egbutu enzyme kwesịrị ekwesị iji kwado nchikota.c.Mee ka ogologo oge dị mkpụmkpụ, bepụ iberibe na-enweghị isi, melite arụmọrụ mbubata ma mee ka ikike ibu ihe dịkwuo elu.d.Gbanwee nzagharị ahụ, site na nke siri ike gaa na nke rụrụ arụ, site na mbipụta ole na ole gaa na mbipụta ọzọ.e.Tinye ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa pụrụ iche dịka ihe achọrọ pụrụ iche nke injinịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
4. Nye ihe atụ nke usoro maka nyocha dị iche iche nke cDNA kpọmkwem anụ ahụ?
A na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ cell abụọ, a na-egosipụta ma ọ bụ gosipụta nke ọma n'ime otu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ, a naghị egosipụtakwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ezubere iche na cell nke ọzọ, mgbe ahụ, a na-ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ezubere iche site na hybridization na ntụnyere.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge omume na mmepe nke etuto ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ tumo ga-eweta mRNA nwere ọkwa dị iche iche karịa mkpụrụ ndụ nkịtị.Ya mere, enwere ike nyochaa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara etuto site na ijikọ ụdị dị iche iche.A nwekwara ike iji usoro nnabata ahụ wee chọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke a na-ebute okwu ha.
5. Ọgbọ na nyocha nke hybridoma cell ahịrị?
Mkpụrụ ndụ Spleen B + mkpụrụ ndụ myeloma, gbakwunye polyethylene glycol (PEG) iji kwalite njikọ cell, na mkpụrụ ndụ B-myeloma fusion nke splenic toro na ọkara HAT (nke nwere hypoxanthine, aminopterin, T) na-aga n'ihu na-amụba nri.Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ndụ nwere: mkpụrụ ndụ njikọta splin-spleen: enweghị ike itolite, mkpụrụ ndụ splin enweghị ike ịzụlite na vitro.Mkpụrụ ndụ ngwakọta ọkpụkpụ: enweghị ike iji hypoxanthine, kama ọ nwere ike ịmepụta purine site na ụzọ nke abụọ site na iji folate reductase.Aminopterin na-egbochi folate reductase, yabụ enweghị ike itolite.Mkpụrụ ndụ njikọta ọkpụkpụ: nwere ike itolite na okpu, mkpụrụ ndụ splin nwere ike iji hypoxanthine, na mkpụrụ ndụ ọkpụkpụ na-enye ọrụ nkewa sel.
6. Gịnị bụ ụkpụrụ na usoro nke ikpebi isi nhazi DNA site dideoxy terminal usoro (Sanger method)?
Ụkpụrụ bụ iji nucleotide chain terminator-2,,3,-dideoxynucleotide kwụsị ịgbatị DNA.Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nweghị 3-OH chọrọ maka nguzobe nke 3/5/phosphodiester bond, ozugbo etinyere ya n'agbụ DNA, enweghị ike ịgbatị agbụ DNA ọzọ.Dị ka ụkpụrụ nke isi ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, mgbe ọ bụla DNA polymerase chọrọ dNMP isonye na DNA yinye a na-agbatịkarị, enwere ohere abụọ, otu bụ isonye na ddNTP, nke na-ebute nkwụsị nke ndọtị deoxynucleotide;nke ọzọ bụ isonye na dNTP , ka DNA yinye ka nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-agbatị ruo mgbe ddNTP na-esote agbakwunyere.Dịka usoro a si dị, enwere ike nweta otu iberibe DNA nke ogologo dị iche iche na-agwụ na ddNTP.Usoro a bụ ikewa ụzọ anọ dịka ddAMP, ddGMP, ddCMP, na ddTMP.Mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ gasịrị, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis nwere ike ịgụ usoro DNA dị ka eriri igwu mmiri.
7. Kedu ihe mmetụta nchịkwa dị mma nke protein activator (CAP) na ederede?
Cyclic adenylate (cAMP) protein receptor CRP (protein nnabata cAMP), ihe mgbagwoju anya nke nchikota nke cAMP na CRP na-akpọ CAP (protein cAMPactivated).Mgbe E. coli na-eto eto na ọkara enweghị glucose, njikọ nke CAP na-abawanye, na CAP nwere ọrụ nke ịgbalite ndị na-akwalite ọrụ dị ka lactose (Lac).Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwalite nkwado nke CRP enweghị ụdị usoro usoro mpaghara -35 (TTGACA) nke ndị mgbasa ozi nkịtị nwere.Ya mere, ọ na-esiri RNA polymerase ike ijikọta ya.Ọnụnọ nke CAP (ọrụ): nwere ike melite njide mgbe niile nke enzyme na onye nkwalite.Ọ na-egosikarị akụkụ abụọ ndị a: ① CAP na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ enzyme ahụ aka iru n'ụzọ ziri ezi site n'ịgbanwe mgbanwe nke onye na-akwalite ya na mmekọrịta ya na enzyme ahụ, iji jikọta ya na mpaghara -10 ma rụọ ọrụ nke dochie ọrụ nke mpaghara -35.②CAP nwekwara ike igbochi njikọ nke RNA polymerase na saịtị ndị ọzọ na DNA, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ohere nke ijikọ na onye na-akwalite ya kpọmkwem.
8. Kedu usoro a na-etinyekarị na nnwale nchikota DNA?
a.Wepụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (ma ọ bụ gene exogenous) nke akụkụ ahụ na-enye onyinye, wee jikọọ ya na mkpụrụ ndụ DNA ọzọ (cloning vector) iji mepụta molekul DNA na-emegharị ọhụrụ.b.Nyefee molekul DNA recombinant n'ime cell nnata ma megharịa ma chekwaa ya na cell nnata.A na-akpọ usoro a mgbanwe.c.Nyochaa ma chọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ nnata ndị ahụ etinyegoro DNA recombinant.d.Ọdịbendị sel ndị ahụ nwere DNA recombinant iji chọpụta ma mkpụrụ ndụ ihe enyemaka mba ofesi egosipụtara.
9. Mwube ọba akwụkwọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa E nyere ụzọ atọ maka nyocha nke recombinants ma kọwaa usoro a nkenke.
Nleba anya nguzogide ọgwụ nje, ịgbanye nkwụsi ike nke nguzogide, nyocha ntụpọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ nyocha PCR, nyocha dị iche iche, nyocha DNA Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka cloning na-ebu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbochi nje (anti-ampicillin, tetracycline).Mgbe a na-ebufe plasmid n'ime Escherichia coli, nje bacteria ga-enweta nguzogide, ndị na-enweghị mbufe agaghị enwe nguzogide.Mana ọ nweghị ike ịmata ma emezigharịrị ya ma ọ bụ na ahazibeghị ya.N'ime vector nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa abụọ na-eguzogide, ọ bụrụ na etinyere iberibe DNA nke mba ọzọ n'ime otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa wee mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ, enwere ike iji njikwa efere abụọ nwere ọgwụ dị iche iche lelee maka recombinants dị mma.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, pUC plasmid nwere mkpụrụ ndụ LacZ (encoding β-galactosidase), nke nwere ike imebi chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) iji mepụta acha anụnụ anụnụ, si otú ahụ na-atụgharị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.Mgbe etinyere DNA nke mba ọzọ, a pụghị igosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ LacZ, na ụdị ahụ na-acha ọcha, ka e wee nyochaa nje bacteria na-emegharị ahụ.
10. Kọwaa usoro bụ isi nke inweta anụmanụ transgenic site na mkpụrụ ndụ nwa embrayo?
Embryonic stem cell (ES) bụ mkpụrụ ndụ embrayo n'oge mmepe embrayo, nke nwere ike ịzụlite n'ụzọ nkịtị ma gbasaa ma nwee ọrụ nke iche n'ime ụdị sel ndị ọzọ.Omenala nke mkpụrụ ndụ ES: Ọnụ ọgụgụ sel dị n'ime nke blastocyst dịpụrụ adịpụ ma mebe ya.Mgbe emebere ES na oyi akwa na-enweghị nri, ọ ga-ekewa n'ime sel dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dịka mkpụrụ ndụ akwara na sel N.Mgbe emebere ya na ọkara nwere fibroblasts, ES ga-ejigide ọrụ dị iche iche.Enwere ike ịmegharị ES site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, yana ọrụ dị iche iche nwere ike jikọta ya na-enweghị emetụta ọrụ dị iche iche ya, nke na-edozi nsogbu nke ntinye aka na-enweghị usoro.Webata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-apụ n'anya n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ sel embrayo, wee tinye ya n'ime akpanwa nke ụmụ oke nwanyị dị ime, tolite ghọọ ụmụ nwa, ma gafee iji nweta ụmụ oke homozygous.
